Traffic lights have been with us since 1868, when the first gas-powered set was switched on in London. These lights used a semaphore system similar to those used by the railways of the day and ...

Traffic congestion in urban areas is on a continual rise, emphasizing the critical need for efficient traffic management systems 1,2. The effective management of traffic congestion offers a multitude ...

Ongoing technological advancements have driven significant urbanization and transformed modern life. For this reason, people are migrating to cities, leading to rapid urban population growth. Improved ...